Hourly-Silkroad-ajk*$0#1
1,43,43,his,eng,20210730,20211232,5,Hourly: Silk Road A History from Beginning to End
ama,https://www.amazon.com/Empires-Silk-Road-History-Central/dp/0691150346/ref=sr_1_16?crid=32B83MLQGJKBZ&dchild=1&keywords=silk+road+book&qid=1627641680&sprefix=Silk+road%2Caps%2C268&sr=8-16
eng,https://www.amazon.com/review/R3KIHPK7ZIUIQJ/ref=pe_1098610_137716200_cm_rv_eml_rv0_rv
Table of Contents
0012 Introduction 
0012 Background 
0072 The Han Dynasty 
007h This centralization of power allowed some large-scale construction projects including a greatly improved road network and the construction of a defensive wall on what was then the northern edge of the empire; this would later develop into the Great Wall of China.
008h The Han dynasty would last for almost 400 years and would establish what would become known as China’s Golden Age (even today, the ethnic majority in China refer to themselves as “Han Chinese” and the Chinese written script is popularly called “Han characters”).
009h The incredible journey of Zhang Qian was one of the most important, hazardous, and momentous expeditions of discovery ever undertaken. For the first time, the Han became aware that there were advanced civilizations far to the west with whom it might be possible to establish trade for desirable commodities such as large horses if safe routes could be created.
011h Alexander is considered by many historians to have been the most successful military leader the world has ever seen; he was never defeated in any battle. By the age of 30, he had completely conquered the Persian Empire and created one of the largest empires empires of the ancient world which stretched from Greece to northwestern India.
0112 The War of the Heavenly Horses 
011h It is believed that by around 130 BCE, the first routes between China and the west had been established, and this is generally taken to mark the beginning of the Silk Road.
013h These westerners quickly earned a reputation for arrogance, though their presence and behavior were tolerated because they brought with them the valuable horses which had become known as “Heavenly Horses.”
015h In addition to the flow of luxury goods from west to east, it quickly began to see the trading of another commodity from east to west; for the first time, silk began to be transported on the Silk Road.
0162 Silk 
016h imperial decrees mandated the death sentence for any Chinese who was found to have revealed the secrets of silk production to anyone outside the circle of those who knew or, even worse, to a foreigner.
016h Gradually these restrictions were eased and silk became available to any person in China who could afford it.
016h Silk became such an important part of life and culture in China that it even found its way into the language; even today, more than 200 of the most commonly used characters in Mandarin text use the symbol for silk as their key.
017h Yet for thousands of years, the manufacture and use of silk were unknown outside China.
018h Octavian triumphed and became Emperor Augustus in 27 BCE, he did nothing to try to curtail the flow of Chinese silk into Rome.
019h Other items brought to the west via the Silk Road included spices, paper, gunpowder, tea, medicines, porcelain, and ivory.
Likewise, it wasn’t just horses that were traded from west to east; other goods included slaves, glassware, woolen items, weapons, dogs, and grapes and grapevines.
020h Byzantine Emperor Justinian decided that he was no longer willing to pay the high prices for Chinese silk. He employed two monks who were sent to China with the express purpose of finding out precisely how silk was made and of returning with this knowledge. They were successful, and silk manufacturing was set up in Constantinople. The production and sale of Byzantine silk were tightly controlled by the emperor, and silk became one of the most important products of the empire for almost 1,000 years.
020h With the arrival of the Byzantine silk industry, the need for silk imported from China declined rapidly and from the establishment of the Byzantine competition, silk was traded less and less on the Silk Road. Other commodities rapidly took its place, and these routes remained as important and busy as ever.
0212 The Routes 
023h Most caravans on the Silk Road used camels as their main form of transport. Camels had first been domesticated by nomadic desert people over 1,000 years before the Silk Road was established. Camels were able to survive the harsh desert conditions much better than horses or mules and could carry enormous loads; a healthy camel was able to transport a load of anything up to 500 pounds
023h Most caravans on the Silk Road used camels as their main form of transport. Camels had first been domesticated by nomadic desert people over 1,000 years before the Silk Road was established. Camels were able to survive the harsh desert conditions much better than horses or mules and could carry enormous loads; a healthy camel was able to transport a load of anything up to 500 pounds
023h caravans of more than 1,000 camels were not uncommon during the height of trade on the Silk Road.
023h To service these caravans, large numbers of caravanserais, inns where traders could rest in safety and re-supply, grew along the main routes.
024h From end to end, the Silk Road covered somewhere in the region of 8,000 kilometers
0262 A Route for New Ideas 
026h The world’s first mass-produced book, the Nung Shu, a book of advice on agriculture and farming, was written by a Ching-te magistrate named Wang Chen around 1300 CE.
027h New crops that changed Chinese agriculture agriculture also made their way east via the Silk Road, including grapes, carrots, walnuts, beans, spinach, cucumbers, and pomegranates.
028h The spread of religion via the Silk Road and particularly the spread of religion from Europe, India, and the Middle-East to China had a profound effect on the history of that country, and this exchange of ideas can be directly traced to the Silk Road. There are fewer examples of the spread of philosophical ideas from east to west.
0302 Marco Polo 
030h In 1271, 17-year-old Marco with his father Niccolò and his uncle Maffeo set off for Asia. They finally returned to Venice 24 years later after traveling over 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) and having amassed jewels and treasure.
031h when Christopher Columbus set out for America in the late fifteenth century, he carried with him a heavily annotated copy of Marco Polo’s book.
032h Other travelers would visit Asia via the Silk Road and some wrote accounts of their journeys, but none captured the popular imagination in the way that Marco Polo did.
034b For the first time, the whole Silk Road was controlled by a single political entity, and the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace) brought a long period of stability to the region.
037h Transporting goods directly by sea was quicker, cheaper, and safer than using the Silk Road.

History, Hourly. Silk Road: A History from Beginning to End (History of China) (p. 37). Kindle Edition. 
039hThis devastating disease, which has become known as the Black Death, arrived in Europe via the Silk Road. Its effects were unprecedented; it is thought that this disease killed around 25 million people in China and anything from 30 to 50 percent of the total population of Europe.
0392 Legacy 
040h Transporting goods directly by sea was quicker, cheaper, and safer than using the Silk Road.
0422 Conclusion 
042h The Silk Road, both in reality and as a powerful symbol, has become an essential part of the shared history of east and west.
0432 Your Free eBooks!
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#eng An Artery between East and West
Everybody knows about the existence of the Silk Road. This Hourly book offers an amazing amount of flesh on bones to the primary school sceleton. 
How was possible this thousand year old and eight thousand kilometer long road without pavemend or rails? The history is a chain of coincidental and determined events. Guess that the contribution of the Venetian 17 years old youth Marco Polo can be considered coincidence at the beginning, but scarcely that after his return from China 24 years later. On the other hand, although decisive, however mysterious and inconclusive. Undoubtedly the most influential as written during a three year long inprisonment. 
It seems to me that the Chinese and other Eastern part of the Silk Road history is less coincidental, but dstermined by market forces and strong hands of Cinese rulers. They manged to withhold secret the production and processing of silk, thus helping the need of giant transport up to thousand camel caravans carrying some 250 kg loads 40 km a day from serai camp to another through roadless deserts.  Only after two monks as spies sent by western commercial interests having revealed and transported the secret of silk to the Europe dis the Silk Road lose its original purpose the transport channel of silk. But then it was too late to lose its general significance. After silk, food, precious stones and other housebold appliances continued their flow on the Silk Road. And something more important, the Silk Road had become a strong link between the eastsrn and western cultures in gneral. Nowadays the Silk Road is even a fanciful tourist attraction. 
Five stars in spite of the deeply deplorable mistrust of the publisher towrd its readers by not giving the Hourly author's name. No need to be ashamed.
#rus Артерия между Востоком и Западом
Все знают о существовании Шелкового пути. Эта Hourly книга предлагает удивительное количество мяса на костях для скелета начальной школы.
Как была возможна эта тысячелетняя дорога длиной восемь тысяч километров без тротуаров и рельсов? История - это цепь случайных и определенных событий. Думаю, вклад венецианского 17-летнего юноши Марко Поло вначале можно считать совпадением, но вряд ли после его возвращения из Китая 24 годами позже. С другой стороны, хотя и решающий, но загадочный и неубедительный. Несомненно, самый влиятельный, поскольку он был написан во время трехлетнего тюремного заключения.
Мне кажется, что китайская и другая восточная часть истории Шелкового пути менее случайна, но определяется рыночными силами и сильными руками китайских правителей. Им удалось скрыть в секрете производство и обработку шелка, тем самым помогая гигантскому транспорту до караванов тысячи верблюдов, перевозящих около 250 кг грузов на 40 км в день из лагеря серай в другой по бездорожным пустыням. Только после того, как два монаха в качестве шпионов, посланных западными коммерческими организациями, раскрыли и перевезли секрет шелка в Европу, Шелковый путь потерял свое первоначальное предназначение - транспортный канал для шелка. Но тогда было уже поздно терять свое общее значение. После того, как шелк, еда, драгоценные камни и другие предметы домашнего обихода продолжили свое движение по Шелковому пути. И что еще более важно, Шелковый путь стал прочным связующим звеном между восточной и западной культурами в целом. Сегодня Шелковый путь превратился в причудливую достопримечательность.
Пять звезд, несмотря на глубоко плачевное недоверие издателя к своим читателям, не назвавшим имени автора «Почасовой». Не нужно стыдиться.
#fin Kultasuoni idän ja lännen välillä
Kaikki tietävät Silkkitien olemassaolosta. Tämä Hourly kirja tarjoaa hämmästyttävän määrän lihaa luille peruskoulun luurangolle.
Kuinka tämä tuhat vuotta vanha ja kahdeksan tuhannen kilometrin pituinen tie oli mahdollista ilman päällystä tai kiskoja? Historia on sattumanvaraisten ja määrätietoisten tapahtumien ketju. Arvaan, että venetsialaisen 17-vuotiaan nuoren Marco Polon panosta voidaan pitää alussa sattumana, mutta tuskin sen jälkeen, kun hän palasi Kiinasta 24 vuotta myöhemmin. Toisaalta, vaikka ratkaiseva, mutta salaperäinen ja vakuuttamaton. Epäilemättä vaikuttavin, mitä kolme vuotta kestäneessä vankeudessa on koskaan kirjoitettu.
Minusta näyttää siltä, ​​että Silkkitien historian kiinalainen ja muu itäinen osa on vähemmän sattumaa, vaan sen määräävät markkinavoimat ja kiinalaisten hallitsijoiden vahvat kädet. He salasivata silkin tuotannon ja käsittelyn, mikä auttoi jättiläiskuljetusten tarpeessa jopa tuhannen kamelin karavaaneja, jotka kuljettivat noin 250 kgn kuormia 40 km päivässä serai -leiristä toiseen tiettömien autiomaiden läpi. Vasta sen jälkeen, kun kaksi munkkia vakoojina, länsimaisten kaupallisten etujen lähettäminä, olivat paljastaneet ja kuljettaneet silkin salaisuuden Eurooppaan, Silk Road menetti alkuperäisen tarkoituksensa silkin kuljetuskanavana. Mutta silloin oli jo liian myöhäistä Silkkitien menettää yleinen merkityksensä. Silkin, ruoan, jalokivien ja muiden kodinkoneiden virta jatkui Silkkitiellä. Ja vielä tärkeämpää, Silkkitiestä oli tullut vahva linkki itämaiden ja länsimaiden kulttuurien välillä. Silk Road on nykyään jopa mielikuvituksellinen matkailukohde.
Viisi tähteä huolimatta kustantajan syvästi valitettavasta epäluottamuksesta lukijoistaan kohtaan ​​olemalla ilmoittamatta Hourly-kirjoittajan nimeä. Ei sitä tarvitse hävetä.
#eng En artär mellan öst och väst
Alla vet om existensen av sidenvägen. Denna Hourly erbjuder en fantastisk mängd kött på ben till grundskolans skelett.
Hur var möjlig den här tusen år gamla och åtta tusen kilometer långa vägen utan trottoar eller räls? Historien är en kedja av sammanfallande och beslutsamma händelser. Gissar att bidraget från den venetianska 17-åriga ungdomen Marco Polo kan betraktas som en tillfällighet i början, men knappast det efter hans återkomst från Kina 24 år senare. Å andra sidan, även om det är avgörande, men mystiskt och otydligt. Utan tvekan den mest inflytelserika som skrevs under ett tre år långt fängelse.
Det verkar för mig att den kinesiska och andra östra delen av Silk Road -historien är mindre slumpmässig, men bestämd av marknadskrafter och starka händer av kinesiska härskare. Det lyckades för dem att hålla hemligheten med produktion och bearbetning av silke, vilket hjälpte behovet av gigantiska transporter upp till tusen kamels karavaner som transporterade cirka 250 kg last 40 km om dagen från serai-läger till en annan genom väglösa öknar. Först efter att två munkar som spioner som sänts av västerländska kommersiella intressen hade avslöjat och transporterat silkeshemligheten till Europa, förlorar Silk Road sitt ursprungliga syfte att transportera silke. Men då var det för sent att förlora sin allmänna betydelse. Efter siden fortsatte mat, ädelstenar och andra hushållsapparater sitt flöde på sidenvägen. Och något viktigare, sidenvägen hade blivit en stark länk mellan den östliga och västerländska kulturen i det allmänna. Numera är Sidenvägen till och med en fantasifull turistattraktion.
Fem stjärnor trots förlagets djupt bedrövliga misstro mot sina läsare genom att inte uppge Hourly författarens namn. Det behöver inte skämmas.

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